Fourth-Generation Communications System

                              The age we are living in, can undoubtedly be called as the Age of Information and Communication.The communication industry has become the fastest growing industry throughout the world and the need of transmitting all kind of data at the fastest possible speed has urged the technologist to strive for betterment and enhancement of system every day. Yesterday, the technology which we had found as the Latest one , today it's out dated and what we are using today would be obsolete tomorrow. One of the outcome of this fast pace development is Fourth Generation Technology.Fourth-Generation Communication System better known as 4G system can be described as the next generation of wireless networks or protocol that will replace the existing 3G networks in near future. The system features Fourth generation mobile communication technology, the concept could be called wide band (Broadband) access and distribution network, with non-symmetric over 2 Mb / s data transfer capability, including wide band wireless fixed access, broad band wireless LAN, mobile wide band systems and interoperability of broadcast networks (terrestrial and satellite based systems).
                               4-G system is not going to be introduced over night as it’s in its developmental stage yet. This system shouldn't be treated as something totally new or alien to the users as it has been a result of gradual progression of the previously and presently used communication systems. We can see a marvelous growth in mobile communication systems since the last two decades of 1900s.Digital services started replacing the analog ones. But need for efficient data Transfer had made the users unsatisfied with. The data rates worsen under certain conditions like bad weather or or in case of busy network so these disadvantages gave way to new technologies which have come into picture now. The first is 2.5G (GPRS) technology which allows data transfer at a faster rate than GSM . Further enhancements to GSM networks are provided by Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology providing up to three times the data capacity of GPRS .There after 3G (WCDMA/UMTS) technology has come into existence with the maximum data transfer rate of 2Mbps. But the 4th Generation system is ensuring a distinctively higher rate of data transfer, that would be ranging from 100 Mbps to 1Gbps .
  Alvin Toffler has once said “ The future always comes too fast,.” This is evident from the evolution of communication system . The 4G technology will be able to support Interactive services like Video Conferencing, ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and Wireless Internet. This system is also a step towards providing services a very less cost. This would be made possible by higher Bandwidth.
The networks will be all IP networks based on IPv6. Improved access technologies like OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA) will likely to be used.
Another remarkable feature of 4G system is its security features which can make data transfer more reliable and safe. Security features will be much better to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to smart phones, laptop computers,wireless modems and other mobile devices. More efficient algorithms at the Physical layer will reduce the Inter-channel Interference and Co-channel Interference.
                         The 4G system's objectives include its latent applications and system requirements, technical challenges, and related standardization activities. It has been revealed that the major capability of the 4G system should be its ultra high speed and IP packet transmission with reduced delay to meet a variety of requirements derived from the two-way enhanced reality communications such as 3D-audio, 3D-video, and biological information media world .We can say that the day is not far away when every existing communication system will be wiped away by the 4G Communication System.

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The Dog Arthritis-An Overview

                          When we hear the word Osteoarthritis, we immediately think of a very painful condition where the movements of limbs become almost impossible. The disease is as painful in Humans as in Canines like Dogs. There are different conditions for Arthritis:
1- The cause of canine arthritis in most cases is the simple wear and tear of bones and joints.
2- The flux of the joints is a condition which arises when ligaments break or sprained. If this happens, the ligaments no longer can accommodate the joints properly which allows the joints to move outside their borders.
3- Another condition is the joint's failure to fit together.It's is a type of condition which is called joint incongruity, which results from a scarred cartilage caused when a bone gets fractured, a malformed cartilage, fusion of the bones are not combined properly, or the knee caps not staying in their normal place. 
                                    Usually all of the above mentioned conditions arise from the Aging process, but aging is not the only cause of a dog's Arthritis as it can start at a place of previous injury too .
The severity of the problem becomes a constant source of agony for a dog as well as its owner for whom it's a terrible sight to see his favorite pet limping around or screaming with pain. Usually untreated Arthritis leads to the worst condition where a dog is bound just to lie down all the time. so different therapies accompanied with a proper treatment from an authorized vet is the first and the foremost need to encounter this problem. There are many ways we can help a poor dog suffering from Arthritis, some of hem are given here:

1. Glucosamine –Therapy include oral supplements that contain glucosamine (sulphate or hcl. It may also include the,Adequan or Cartrophen injections. These supplements protect the joints rather than curing the symptoms only and their dosage and effectiveness differ from one dog to another. so they should be used experimentally to observe the results and to decide about their continuation or discontinuation.
2. Diet should be adjusted to reduce the amount of grains & carbohydrates diet & increase the amount of protein. The fresh food always gives good results as compared to the canned food. Diet should be adjusted in such a way that it can help to keep the weight of dog low. As a lean dog suffers less than a bulky one.

3. Pain Relief medicines are a must for relieving a dog from pain.

4. Fish Oil is a very good nutrient or supplement for a dog suffering from severe Arthritis due to the presence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

5. Alternative Therapies can also be used like Herbal medication, Homeopathy or Acupuncture etc. though sometimes it has no benefit at all, but at other times or in other cases it may be helpful for lots of canines.

                               Prevention is one of the kindest and most effective measures to take. Keeping your dog in shape through regular exercise and proper nutrition for optimal health is our best defensive mechanism against the terrible disease of the Dog's Arthritis. 

“To Live Is To Change”

 

                                    How true are the words of Greek philosopher Heraclitus, “To Live is to Change”. Change –Apparently a very small word contains within it a bulk of definitions. Change may occur within the Physical realm where we can see it substantially or it may occur within non-physical realm where we can only feel it or sometime we remain totally oblivious of its occurring. Nevertheless change is consistently and continuously occurring in our lives as well as around us, as it is said:

                                    “All things …are in a Flux like a river.”

                                    How important Change is, in our lives? This question can be answered just by realizing the fact that change, in some way or other, is related to the process of growth. We can observe the growth of a helpless infant into a strong person. Every stage of this growth from infancy to childhood and from childhood to youth brings about a lot of physical, psychological, and emotional changes in his life. Without these changes taking place at a proper time, he would have been developed into a retarded and abnormal person. That defines the significance of change as:

                                    “Change is the Law of Life” (J.F.Kennedy).

                                    When we look around us we find that not only the world and our self but the whole universe is a manifestation of Change. The continuous movement of stars and planets, the ever-changing seasons and the hide and seek of the day , the night, the beating of Heart , the coming and exiting Breath and the continuously flowing blood all of them are accompanied with several changes and symbolize “Life” . As soon as these signs of life will cease to exist, life would be finished .The history of World depicts so many change like the throning and dethroning of the mighty kings, the rise and the fall of great nations , the Revolutions and the Catastrophes changing the face of the world represent the same phenomena of consistency of change. All these signs and symbols force us to believe that if anything in this world has the permanence and consistency then it’s only “The Change”.